KEY UPDATES
2 were killed in October, adding to the 229 people who have been killed in escalations of violent conflict in Manipur since May 3rd. Over 6,685 injured, over 81,787 displaced, and over 8,854 houses burned since the beginning of the conflict.1 The escalation follows heightened tensions between Meitei and Kuki communities, in part triggered by the Meitei community’s push for Scheduled Tribe Status in Manipur. Kuki groups have feared Meitei ST status would diminish job, educational, political and land opportunities.3
Increased censorship in Manipur followed viral videos of brutal killings and abductions circulated on social media and messaging platforms. Legal scholars fear the implication of new censorship laws, and greatly impede the ability for civilians to discuss conflict in Manipur.3
366 arrested, 25,399 in preventative detention, and 9,332 FIRs have been lodged in Manipur since the outbreak of violence in Manipur on May 3rd.1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Government data also reports 5,558 incidents of arson occurring since May 3rd, however, internal tracking reveals much higher numbers.
41,15017, 18 Myanmar asylum-seekers are currently estimated in Mizoram; however, estimates are likely an undercount. The Mizoram government continues to issue Identity cards to refugees; however, civil organizations still push the Indian government to afford stronger legal rights to asylum seekers.
9,45017, 18 Myanmar asylum-seekers are currently estimated in Manipur; however, estimates are likely undercounted. The majority of refugees in Manipur have faced increasing vulnerability from recent conflict, and remain in hiding consequence of fear of retribution by the Manipur State government.
5,23217, 18 Myanmar asylum-seekers have approached the UNHCR office in New Delhi since February, 2021. The true number of unreported refugees in New Delhi is still unknown.
55,832 Asylum-seekers have now crossed the Indo-Burma border since the February 1st, 2021 coup. Numbers are expected to be an undercount.17, 18
2,016,400 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are still seeking refuge within Myanmar’s borders. This includes 816,500 IDPs in Sagaing Region and 48,500 IDPs in Chin State, two of the three states sharing a border with Northeast India.17
25,379 Myanmar Nationals have been arrested by the military regime (19,653 still detained), and 4,174 have been killed by the military regime. These numbers include arrests of 701 children, and 477 children killed. Many children have died or been crippled by land mines set by the military regime.19
32 killed, including 13 children20 in an unguided airstrike on Laiza refugee camp on October 10th, 2023.21 The refugee camp was near the headquarters of the Kachin Independence Army.
Children increasingly targeted and held by Myanmar’s military as the regime tries to punish families of suspected resistance fighters. To resist the increasing threat, more and more children have joined resistance groups and taken up arms to protect themselves.22
*This map only includes key figures for Mizoram State and Manipur State, in India, and the Chin State, Sagaing Region, Kachin State, and North Shan State of Myanmar
Click on the map regions to expand statistics
Myanmar Refugees: 9,450
Internally Displaced: 61,387
Myanmar Refugees: 41,150
Internally Displaced: 12,000
Internally Displaced Persons: 816,500
Internally Displaced Persons: 48,500
Internally Displaced Persons: 23,600
Internally Displaced Persons: 47,400
In Northeast India, violent conflict which erupted in Manipur on May 3rd, 2023, has to date taken the lives of an estimated 229 people, while also injuring over 6,500, and displacing over 81,787 civilians. Over 8,854 homes have been lost to arson.1
The central government has yet to structure and implement wide-spread humanitarian and legal support for over 55,83217, 18 Myanmar refugees and asylum-seekers who have entered Northeast India, which many view as a major contributing factor to recent unrest in Manipur.
In Manipur, violent conflict continued throughout October. A government crackdown on posts about the Manipur conflict on social media and messaging apps has made critical communications about the conflict an arrestable offense, raising concerns from legal scholars on human rights implications.3 Internet and mobile data has also remained shut, further impeding civilian access to critical communications.23
Protests continued through October in response to the murder of two Meitei students, with arrests of suspects sparking a total shutdown and blockades of National Highway-37 in Churachandpur.24 Many Kuki communities see the arrests as selective justice and now feel targeted both by Centre and the Manipur State Government.25 Protests in Imphal were led and guided by Meitei militant groups,26 and a sit in at Macha Leima School was organized by student activists to denounce repression of peaceful demonstrations and protests by students.27
On October 19th, a mob attacked a group on their way to collect a cow, accusing them of transporting goods for Kuki people, injuring 2 and killing one.28 On October 31st, a Sub-Divisional Police Officer of Moreh was shot in his stomach by a sniper rifle while inspecting the construction of a helipad.29 Although there was a significant decrease in conflict related deaths, bombs and gun fights still echoed throughout Manipur in October.1
Chief Minister N Biren Singh reiterated his calls for improved border security and a crackdown on “illegal” immigration of Myanmar refugees throughout October, claiming they are criminals seeding unrest30 and citing 3 Myanmar Nationals who were arrested in Moreh after they were found pilfering charred furniture and electrical items from the ashes of burnt down homes.31 As of October 10th, 6.812 km of border fence had been completed on the Indo-Burma border, with plans to finish construction by the end of 2023.32
The Manipur government distributed Rs 1,000 per person in relief camps across the state on October 24th, which now amounts to 61,387 displaced peoples.33 The NHRC of India also sent notices to the Manipur State Government and Centre to suggest peace-building measures for rival communities be organized and prioritized.34
An unprecedented outbreak of Dengue fever has taken hold of Manipur, with 5 dead and 1,338 cases registered as of October 13th, 2023.35
In late September, India’s NIA also arrested a suspect during their investigation of a transnational conspiracy by armed outfits in Bangladesh and Myanmar to exploit ethnic tensions in Manipur in attempt to wage a proxy war against the Indian Government.28
In Myanmar, heavy fighting remained constant across the nation’s border states. October continued to see heavy airstrikes, especially in Kachin, Sagaing, and Shan North regions.17
Northwest Myanmar continued to see constant airstrikes, arbitrary arrests and brutal tortures, as well as arson attacks.17
Sagaing Region continued to experience heavy airstrikes and attacks targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure. On September 27th, 3 mortars struck a school in Joe-Taung Ywama Village, injuring children between 7 and 14 years old, adding to at least 119 schools destroyed by the Myanmar military.36
On October 14th, 6 people were abducted, tortured, and killed in Yinmabin Township, including 3 16-year-olds. Knives had been used to cut flesh off of their back, and rubber tubing was used to torture the victims.37
There are now over 816,50017 IDPs in Sagaing Region.
Kachin State an unguided aerial delivered bomb killed 32 refugees, including 13 children, in the Laiza Refugee Camp on October 10th, 2023, adding to a disturbing number of airstrikes on civilian populations throughout the conflict.20
Central, Northeast and Southeast Myanmar regions faced escalations in October, with increased fighting in Northern Shan displacing nearly 50,000 people.17
Northern Shan an offensive led by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance, the Ta’ang National Liberation Army, and the Arakan Army against the Myanmar junta has displaced over 50,000 people, with at least 600 fleeing to China.38 At least 2 children, 12- and 9-years-old were killed in a rocket attack.39 After days of fighting, the Myanmar military lost control of strategic border towns, including Chinshwehaw, where nearly 500 million USD worth of border trade with China passed through from April to September, 2023.40
Bago Region in Nattalin Township, the Myanmar military captured and held 100 people and 20 elephants from Nyan Le village hostage in October. The military has initiated attacks forcing civilians and elephants on the front lines, making it nearly impossible for resistance forces to attack.41
On October 11th, shell attacks in Nyuanglebin District killed a 14-year-old and injured 8 other civilians, displacing hundreds.42
Across Myanmar, the Military regime has continued to force recruitment for militias through local administers, requiring recruitment quotas of 3 men per village.43 A UN probe also found the military guilty of using forced labor for porters, guides, human shields, cultivation, construction, maintenance of military camps, transportation, accommodation, and domestic work throughout the conflict.44
There were 6 attacks on healthcare infrastructure and persons receiving treatment from September 20th to October 3th, including a prisoner dying of a heart attack after being denied medical treatment, CDM-affiliated health workers abducted by the junta, and LNGO colunteer ambulance driver and ambulance abducted by the junta.45
The National Unity Government (NUG)’s first Rohingya minister, Aung Kyaw Moe, represents a new age of unified governance, should the NUG shadow government successfully regain political control of Myanmar. Aung Kyaw Moe is the first Rohingya minister since a 1962 law excluding them from holding office.46
In an unprecedented move, the Junta has also revoked the passports of anti-coup activists in Singapore, a move typically reserved for high-profile opposition leaders. Approximately 300,000 Myanmar Nationals live in Singapore.47
Manipur Response:
Humanitarian aid in Manipur remains difficult, especially in Kuki areas where education access and critical medical supplies and medical professionals remain largely inaccessible.1
The Manipur Women Gun Survivors Network (MWGSN) and the Northeast India Women’s Initiative for Peace (NEIWIP) continue to work with leaders throughout Manipur to build Gardens for Peace in relief camps to provide opportunities for therapeutic work, and also address food insecurity in relief camps.
MWGSN and NEIWIP are also working with Manipuri artists to create artwork promoting peace and unity in the region.
The International Tribunal for Peace in Manipur, established in August, has also continued work in situation tracking, research, and statement gathering throughout October.
The Rs 1,000 distributed by the Manipur to over 61,000 survivors in displacement camps in October does little to alleviate the economic hardships and loss faced by many survivors, who feel forgotten by the Indian government, with inadequate aid packages, inadequate meals (often only 2 meals a day), no access to education, and inadequate access to healthcare.
Broader access to humanitarian and government aid for IDPs across Manipur needs national and international attention as conflict in Manipur continues into its 7th month.
Myanmar Response:
In Southeast States and Regions, 26,000 in Bago Region received food assistance in October, and 2,850 displaced families in Bago, Kayah, Kayin, and Mon received Critical Relief Items (CRIs). In Southeast States and Kachin, 547,500 people received food and cash assistance in October.17
In Kachin and Shan (North), Critical Relief Items (CRIs) were distributed to more than 280 survivors, including firewood and tarpaulins.17
In Northwest Regions, 1,312 students were enrolled in Non-Formal Education programs, while 5,684 students joined Open Learning programs in Sagaing Region. 9,700 IDPs in Sagaing Region’s Kale Township received water purification tablets and hygiene kits in October. 154,200 displaced in Chin and Magway received cash assistance.17
In Rakhine and Chin (South), 76 students, including 54 with disabilities, joined Open Learing programs, while 320,000 people in Rakhine affected by Cyclone Mocha received cash assistance. 30 longhouses were also constructed in Rakhine, providing shelter to 1,300 IDPs, while 450 Rakhine families, and 880 Rohingya families received CRIs.17
Northeast India is home to one of the world’s longest running armed conflicts, where a former British colonial martial law signed into law by the Union of India on September 11th, 1958, known as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), remains in effect to this day. The imposition of this law over the last 6 decades has led to the death of over 20,000 Indigenous peoples in the Northeast India state of Manipur alone.
In Manipur, tensions had been rising throughout April over the push by the Meitei Indigenous community to receive Scheduled Tribe status. Meitei people, who make up 53% of the population of Manipur, had applied for Scheduled Tribe in 2013. Other Indigenous groups in Manipur, including Kuki and Naga groups, fear the recognition of Meiteis as Scheduled Tribes would take away opportunities for education, jobs, political seats, and also affect land rights.
Without clear communication from the Manipur government about the actual implications of approved Meitei ST status, protests became violent. Houses and communities on both sides were targeted. Tensions began to simmer on April 27th when protestors in Churchandpur torched a new gym that Chief Minister N. Biren Singh was scheduled to speak, leading to an internet shut down.
On May 3rd, the All Tribal Student Union of Manipur led a march of over 60,000 in protest of the ST status application of the Meiteis, and an armed mob protestors attacked Meitei communities in Torbung, Churachandpur during the attack. Women groups organized human chains to stop armed mobs from entering Meitei communities. Kuki leaders, including MLAs, claim the violence was initiated by the Meiteis and submitted a petition for a separate state, citing fear of future attacks. Groups on the ground have described the desperate need for peace negotiations and leaders from both communities to invest in a mutual understanding of each other and the situation, while also cautioning that there are political interests at play which have yet to be uncovered.
On February 1st, 2021, across the Indo-Burma border in Myanmar, the military overthrew a democratically elected government in a coup d’etat which has since left Myanmar (Burma) in a state of violent conflict and turmoil. Fleeing conflict zones where fighting and arbitrary military murders remain a daily constant, many Burmese refugees arrive in Northeast India carrying the traumas of death, sexual violence, and displacement – the traumas of war. With 1.2 million refugees and asylum-seekers, and another 1.5 million Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs), Myanmar has the 6th largest global population of refugees in the world. The UNHCR reports that over 50,000 displaced peoples, including at least 18 lawmakers of Myanmar’s National League for Democracy, have crossed the Indo-Burma border in the last 2 years. The vast majority of displaced peoples have crossed the Indo-Burma border without documentation. Many Burmese refugees do not have access to Identity Cards or the means to fulfil their most basic needs.
A growing humanitarian crisis has evolved over the past two years, and exacerbates the already dire circumstances people in Northeast India face under martial law. Many survivors lack basic necessities, such as food, shelter, and medical attention. Burmese refugees who have not received official Identity Cards are at risk of detention or being returned Myanmar.
1. Global Alliance of Indigenous Peoples, Gender Justice and Peace "Internal Tracking of Manipur Violence" Unpublished Data, 2023.
2. Zachariah, Anand. “Manipur’s medical and humanitarian crisis.” Deccan Herald. August 16, 2023. https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/manipur-s-medical-and-humanitarian-crisis-2648857.
3. Mahadik, Karan. “As Manipur Govt Bans Circulating Videos, Legal Experts Raise Censorship Concerns.” The Quint. October 13, 2023. https://www.thequint.com/news/law/manipur-government-order-social-media-ban-censorship-concerns-latest-news.
4. Devi, Phurailatpam Keny. “Manipur violence: Security forces remove barricades in Bishnupur district, IGP reports 175 casualties.” India Today NE. September 14, 2023. https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipur-violence-security-forces-remove-barricades-in-bishnupur-district-igp-reports-175-casualties-678282-2023-09-14.
5. “One arrested for extortion, pistol recovered.” E-Pao, October 8, 2023. http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=46..091023.oct23.
6. “Manipur police arrest active member of proscribed outfit KYKL.” India Today, NE. October 14, 2023. https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-police-arrest-active-member-of-proscribed-outfit-kykl-694752-2023-10-14.
7. Lama, Prawesh. “Man held with arms in Manipur relative of sitting MLA, says officer.” Hindustan Times. October 16, 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/man-held-with-arms-in-manipur-relative-of-sitting-mla-says-officer-101697396090756.html.
8. “NIA makes third arrest in Kwakta blast.” Imphal Free Press. October 22, 2023. https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nia-makes-third-arrest-in-kwakta-blast.
9. “Firing of Oct 14 at Khwairakpam LeikaiPolice arrest three more accused.” The Sangai Express. October 19, 2023. https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/19/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-18-Imphal-Police-station-arrested-three-more-persons-including-the-vice-p.html.
10. “Manipur police arrest ex-BJYM president in recent shooting case.” Nagaland Post. October 23, 2023. https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/manipur-police-arrest-ex-bjym-president-in-recent-shooting-case/.
11. “Huge cache of arms recovered, militant arrested with drugs in Manipur.” Mid Day. October 17, 2023. https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/huge-cache-of-arms-recovered-militant-arrested-with-drugs-in-manipur-23314938.
12. “Manipur violence: Security forces detain 2240 suspects in search operations, recover arms and 18 explosives.” India Today NE. October 17, 2023. https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-violence-security-forces-detain-2240-suspects-in-search-operations-recover-arms-and-18-explosives-696266-2023-10-17.
13. “Manipur: Police Arrest PREPAK-Pro Member in Supermarket Extortion Operation.” The Sentinel. October 21, 2023. https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-police-arrest-prepak-pro-member-in-supermarket-extortion-operation-672169.
14. “Militant arrested with cartridges, explosives in Manipur.” Deccan Herald. October 23, 2023. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/manipur/militant-arrested-with-cartridges-explosives-in-manipur-2737899.
15. Salle, Vangamla. “Manipur: 2 cadres of non-SoO group held with arms in Churachandpur.” East Mojo. October 24, 2023. https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/10/24/manipur-2-cadres-of-non-soo-group-held-with-arms-in-churachandpur/.
16. “Manipur: Six sophisticated looted arms recovered, four arrested.” Can India. October 25, 2023. https://www.canindia.com/manipur-six-sophisticated-looted-arms-recovered-four-arrested/.
17. Rep. Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 02 October 2023). Reliefweb (OCHA), October 2, 2023. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-humanitarian-update-no-33-2-october-2023.
18. Rep. Myanmar UNHCR displacement overview 06 Nov 2023. UNHCR. November 6, 2023. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/104625.
19. “Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup.” Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). AAPP. November 6, 2023. https://aappb.org/?p=26674.
20. “32 killed in suspected drone strike by Myanmar army on refugee camp.” Anadolu. October 10, 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/32-killed-in-suspected-drone-strike-by-myanmar-army-on-refugee-camp/3013618.
21. “Large unguided bomb likely used in deadly Myanmar strike: Amnesty.” The Star. October 13, 2023. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2023/10/13/large-unguided-bomb-likely-used-in-deadly-myanmar-strike-amnesty.
22. Moe, Wai. “Myanmar junta holds children hostage as ‘collective punishment’ for alleged resistance links.” South China Morning Post. October 21, 2023. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3238676/myanmar-junta-holds-children-hostage-collective-punishment-alleged-resistance-links.
23. Singh, Bikash. “Manipur extends ban on internet for another five days till November 18.” The Economic Times. November 13, 2023. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-extends-ban-on-internet-for-another-five-days-till-november-18/articleshow/105188204.cms.
24. “Total shutdown in hill districts of Manipur after arrests in students’ murder cases.” The Hindu. October 2, 2023. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shutdown-hits-normal-life-in-manipurs-churachandpur/article67371907.ece.
25. Zaman, Rokibuz. “‘Selective justice’: Why Manipur’s Kuki-Zos feel let down by the Centre.” Scroll India. October 11, 2023. https://scroll.in/article/1057330/selective-justice-why-manipurs-kuki-zos-feel-let-down-by-the-centre.
26. Kumar, Anugrah. “Manipur violence escalates as insurgents cross over from Myanmar.” Christian Post. October 3, 2023. https://www.christianpost.com/news/manipur-violence-escalates-as-insurgents-cross-over-from-myanmar.html.
27. “Sit-in protests staged against cold-blooded murder of students.” The Sangai Express. October 6, 2023. https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-6-A-sit-in-protest-was-staged-today-at-Macha-Leima-School-in-Palace-Compo.html.
28. “Manipur: Joint Action Committee demands CBI probe on Pangal driver death case.” India Today NE. October 23, 2023. https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-joint-action-committee-demands-cbi-probe-on-pangal-driver-death-case-699324-2023-10-23.
29. Shirin, Babie. “Manipur riots: Moreh cop dies of bullet wound as armed miscreants open fire.” India Today. October 31, 2023. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-riots-moreh-cop-dies-of-bullet-wound-after-cross-firing-with-kuki-group-2456029-2023-10-31.
30. “Cannot keep silent on alarming issue of illegal migration: Manipur CM N Biren Singh.” Northeast Live. October 22, 2023. https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/cannot-keep-silent-on-alarming-issue-of-illegal-migration-manipur-cm-n-biren-singh/.
31. “Manipur: 3 Myanmar nationals arrested for stealing items from destroyed houses in Moreh.” Northeast Now News. October 22, 2023. https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-3-myanmar-nationals-arrested-for-stealing-items-from-destroyed-houses.html.
32. “Indo-Myanmar Border: Government builds 100 km smart fencing to curb illegal influx, boost surveillance.” Organiser. October 10, 2023. https://organiser.org/2023/10/10/200813/bharat/indo-myanmar-border-government-builds-100km-smart-fencing-to-curb-illegal-influx-boost-surveillance/.
33. “Manipur government disburses financial aid of Rs 1,000 per head for all displaced persons residing in state's relief camps.” India Today NE. October 25, 2023. https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-government-disburses-financial-aid-of-rs-1000-per-head-for-all-displaced-persons-residing-in-states-relief-camps-700119-2023-10-25.
34. M R, Senjo. “NHRC seeks details from Centre, Manipur over peace efforts in state.” Rediff. October 17, 2023. https://m.rediff.com/news/report/nhrc-seeks-details-from-centre-manipur-over-peace-efforts-in-state/20231017.htm.
35. “Manipur Battles Health Crisis as Dengue and African Swine Fever Outbreaks Reported.” The Wire. October 15, 2023. https://thewire.in/health/manipur-battles-health-crisis-as-denuge-and-african-swine-fever-outbreaks-reported.
36. “21 children injured in Myanmar military strike on school, opposition claims.” La Prensa Latina. October 4, 2023. https://www.laprensalatina.com/21-children-injured-in-myanmar-military-strike-on-school-opposition-claims/.
37. “Military tortures, kills six civilians including three teenagers in Sagaing Region.” Myanmar Now. October 18, 2023. https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/military-tortures-kills-six-civilians-including-three-teenagers-in-sagaing-region/.
38. “Thousands feared displaced after armed groups, Myanmar junta forces clash near China border.” France 24. October 31, 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231031-thousands-displaced-near-myanmar-china-border-after-attack-by-armed-groups.
39. “2 children killed in rocket attack in Myanmar.” The Shillong Times. October 31, 2023. https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/10/31/2-children-killed-in-rocket-attack-in-myanmar/.
40. “Myanmar military says lost control of Chinshwehaw town on the Chinese border.” The Economic Times. November 2, 2023. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/myanmar-military-says-lost-control-of-chinshwehaw-town-on-the-chinese-border/articleshow/104917853.cms.
41. Zay, Aung. “Myanmar military using elephants, civilians as shields in western Bago.” Myanmar Now. October 20, 2023. https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-military-using-elephants-civilians-as-shields-in-western-bago/.
42. “Child killed, 8 civilians injured in shell attack in Myanmar’s Bago.” Radio Free Asia. October 12, 2023. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bago-shelling-10122023060037.html.
43. “Myanmar Junta Administrators Forced to Recruit for Militias.” The Irrawaddy. October 6, 2023. https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-administrators-forced-to-recruit-for-militias.html.
44. “Myanmar junta using forced labour in army, UN probe finds.” TRT World. October 14, 2023. https://www.trtworld.com/asia/myanmar-junta-using-forced-labour-in-army-un-probe-finds-15251771.
45. Rep. Attacks on Health Care in Myanmar (20 September - 03 October 2023). ReliefWeb. October 9, 2023. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/attacks-health-care-myanmar-20-september-03-october-2023.
46. MC, Ali. “Q&A: NUG’s first Rohingya minister says Myanmar in ‘unified revolution’.” Aljazeera. October 26, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/26/qa-nugs-first-rohingya-minister-says-myanmar-in-unified-revolution.
47. Khine, Tin Aung. “Junta revokes passports of anti-coup activists in Singapore.” Radio Free Asia. October 30, 2023. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/passports-10302023162135.html.
Global Alliance of Indigenous Peoples, Gender Justice and Peace P.O. Box 27 New York, NY 10032, USA
